The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of a neuroinflammatory disease, the composition containing a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. The protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor of the present invention inhibits activated microglia cells by decreasing the level of nitric oxide (NO) in microglia cells and reducing the expression of proinflammatory factors TNFα, IL1β, iNOS, and the like, and thus, can be favorably used in the prevention or treatment of a neuroinflammatory disease.