The present invention relates to a vaccine composition for preventing tuberculosis containing Rv3112, MTBK 20620 or MTBK 24820 protein. When using Rv3112, MTBK 20620 or MTBK 24820 protein according to the present invention as an antigen, high IFN-γ producing ability is exhibited in the spleen and lung of an animal model in which infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been induced, and tuberculosis can be effectively prevented by maintaining the formation of a quickly acquired protective immunity and memorization of T cell. Also, Rv3112, MTBK 20620 or MTBK 24820 protein according to the present invention can be used in the treatment of tuberculosis, and thus can be usefully used for preventing the relapse or reinfection of highly pathogenic tuberculosis having a high recurrence rate and for increasing the treatment efficiency thereof.